Jump to content

Bharat Ratna

This is a good article. Click here for more information.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bharat Ratna
TypeNational Civilian
DescriptionHighest Civilian Award of the Republic of India
Country India
Presented by President of India
Ribbon
ObverseAn image of the Sun along with the words "Bharat Ratna", inscribed in Devanagari script, on a peepal (Ficus religiosa) leaf
ReverseA platinum State Emblem of India placed in the centre with the national motto, "Satyameva Jayate" (Truth alone triumphs) in Devanagari script
Established1954; 70 years ago (1954)
First awarded1954
Last awarded2024
Total53
Precedence
Next (lower) Param Vir Chakra

The Bharat Ratna (Hindi pronunciation: [bʱaːɾət̪ ɾət̪n̪ə]; lit. 'Jewel of India') is the highest civilian award of the Republic of India. Instituted on 2 January 1954, the award is conferred in recognition of "exceptional performance of the highest order", without distinction of race, occupation, position or gender. The award was originally limited to achievements in the arts, literature, science, and public services, but the Government of India expanded the criteria to include "any field of human endeavor" in December 2011. The recommendations for the award are made by the Prime Minister to the President. The recipients receive a Sanad (certificate) signed by the President and a peepal leaf-shaped medallion. Bharat Ratna recipients rank seventh in the Indian order of precedence.

The first recipients of the Bharat Ratna were: the former Governor-General of the Union of India C. Rajagopalachari, the former President of the Republic of India Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan; and the Indian physicist C. V. Raman, who were honoured in 1954. Since then, the award has been bestowed upon 53 individuals, including 18 who were awarded posthumously. The original statutes did not provide for posthumous awards but were amended in January 1966 to permit them to honor former Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri, the first individual to be honored posthumously. In 2014, cricketer Sachin Tendulkar, then aged 40, became the youngest recipient, while social reformer Dhondo Keshav Karve was the oldest recipient when he was awarded on his 100th birthday. Though usually conferred on India-born citizens, the award has been conferred on one naturalized citizen, Mother Teresa, and on two non-Indians: Abdul Ghaffar Khan (born in British India and later a citizen of Pakistan) and Nelson Mandela, a citizen of South Africa.

The Bharat Ratna, along with other personal civil honours, was briefly suspended from July 1977 to January 1980, during the change in the national government; and for a second time from August 1992 to December 1995, when several public-interest litigations challenged the constitutional validity of the awards. In 1992, the government's decision to confer the award posthumously on Subhas Chandra Bose was opposed by those who had refused to accept the fact of his death, including some members of his extended family. Following a 1997 Supreme Court decision, the press communique announcing Bose's award was cancelled; it is the only time when the award was announced but not conferred.

History

[edit]

On 2 January 1954, a press communique was released from the office of the secretary to the President announcing the creation of two civilian awards—Bharat Ratna (Jewel of India), the highest civilian award, and the three-tier Padma Vibhushan, classified into "Pehla Warg" (Class I), "Dusra Warg" (Class II), and "Tisra Warg" (Class III), which rank below the Bharat Ratna.[1][2][3] On 15 January 1955, the Padma Vibhushan was reclassified into three different awards; the Padma Vibhushan, the highest of the three, followed by the Padma Bhushan and the Padma Shri.[4]

The award was briefly suspended twice in its history.[5] The first suspension occurred when Morarji Desai, who was sworn in as the fourth Prime Minister in 1977, withdrew all personal civil honours on 13 July 1977.[6][7] The suspension was rescinded on 25 January 1980, after Indira Gandhi became the Prime Minister.[8][9] The award was suspended again in mid-1992, when two Public-Interest Litigations were filed, one in the Kerala High Court and another in the Madhya Pradesh High Court, challenging the "constitutional validity" of the awards.[5] The awards were reintroduced by the Supreme Court in December 1995, following the conclusion of the litigation.[7][10]

There is no formal provision that recipients of the Bharat Ratna should be Indian citizens. It has been awarded to a naturalised Indian citizen, Mother Teresa in 1980, and to two non-Indians, Abdul Ghaffar Khan of Pakistan in 1987 and the former South African president Nelson Mandela in 1990.[11] Sachin Tendulkar, at the age of 40, became the youngest person and first sportsperson to receive the honour.[12] Dhondo Keshav Karve was the oldest living recipient when he was awarded on his 100th birthday on 18 April 1958.[13][a] As of 2024, the award has been conferred upon 50 people with 15 posthumous declarations.[15]

Regulations

[edit]

The Bharat Ratna is conferred "in recognition of exceptional service/performance of the highest order", without distinction of race, occupation, position, or gender.[16][3] The award was originally confined to the arts, literature, science, and public services, as per the 1954 regulations.[2] In December 2011, the rules were amended to "any field of human endeavour".[3][17] The 1954 statutes did not allow posthumous awards, but this was subsequently modified in the January 1966 statute, and Lal Bahadur Shastri became the first recipient to be honored posthumously in 1966.[4][18]

Although there is no formal nomination process, recommendations for the award can only be made by the Prime Minister to the President.[3] The recipient receives a Sanad (certificate) signed by the President and a medallion without any monetary grant. Usage of the title 'Bharat Ratna' as a prefix by the awardee is exempt from Article 18 (1) of the Constitution,[b] as per the Supreme Court's precedent in Balaji Raghavan/S.P. Anand v. Union of India in 1995.[20] Additionally, recipients may either use the expression "Awarded Bharat Ratna by the President" or "Recipient of Bharat Ratna Award" to indicate that they have been honored with the award.[16] The holders of the Bharat Ratna rank seventh in the Indian order of precedence.[21]

As with many official announcements, recipients are announced and registered in The Gazette of India, a publication released by the Department of Publication, Ministry of Urban Development used for official government notices; without publication in the Gazette, conferral of the award is not considered official. Recipients whose awards have been revoked or restored, both of which require the authority of the President, are registered in the Gazette. Recipients whose awards have been revoked are required to surrender their medals, and their names are struck from the register.[2][4]

Specifications

[edit]
Bharat Ratna medal

The original 1954 specifications of the award was a circle made of gold 1+3⁄8 inches (35 mm) in diameter with a centered image of the sun on the obverse side. The text "Bharat Ratna", in Devanagari Script, is inscribed on the upper edge in silver gilt with a wreath set along on the lower edge. A platinum State Emblem of India was placed in the center of the reverse side with the national motto, "Satyameva Jayate" in Devanagari Script (Sanskrit: सत्यमेव जयते; lit. "Truth alone triumphs"), inscribed in silver-gilt on the lower edge.[2][3]

A year later, the design was modified. The current medal is in the shape of a peepal leaf, approximately 2+5⁄16 inches (59 mm) long, 1+7⁄8 inches (48 mm) wide and 1⁄8 inch (3.2 mm) thick and rimmed in platinum.[22] The embossed sun burst design, made of platinum, on the obverse side of the medal has a diameter of 5⁄8 inch (16 mm) with rays spreading out from 5⁄6 inch (21 mm) to 1⁄2 inch (13 mm) from the center of the Sun. The words "Bharat Ratna" on the obverse side remained the same as the 1954 design as did the emblem of India and "Satyameva Jayate" on the reverse side. A 2-inch-wide (51 mm) white ribbon is attached to the medal so it can be worn around the neck.[4][5][23] In 1957, the silver-gilt decoration was changed to burnished bronze.[2][24] The medals are minted at Alipore Mint in Kolkata.[25][26]

Entitlements

[edit]

Bharat Ratna can not be used as a prefix or suffix, however recipients may identify themselves as "Awarded Bharat Ratna by the President" or "Recipient of Bharat Ratna Award". The award does not carry any monetary benefits, but the award includes the following entitlements:[2][3]

  • The medallion and miniature
  • A Sanad (certificate) signed by the President of India
  • Treatment as a state guest by state governments when traveling within a state
  • Indian missions abroad requested to facilitate recipients when requested
  • Entitlement to a diplomatic passport
  • Placed seventh in the Indian order of precedence
  • Concessional fare on the flag carrier Air India[27]

Controversies

[edit]

The Bharat Ratna has been mired in several controversies and award grants have been subject to multiple Public-Interest Litigations (PILs).[7][28][29][30][31]

Subhas Chandra Bose (1992)

[edit]
In 1992, a press release was published to confer the award posthumously on Subhas Chandra Bose, which was later cancelled post the order of the Supreme Court in 1997

On 23 January 1992, a press release was published by the President's secretariat to confer the award posthumously on Subhas Chandra Bose. The decision was contested in a public interest litigation, with the petitioner objecting to the conferral of the award and its posthumous mention of Bose, saying that honoring a personality higher than the award is "ridiculous", and it was an act of "carelessness" to classify such a person with past and future recipients. It was also contested that the award cannot be conferred to Bose posthumously as the Government had not officially accepted his death on 18 August 1945.[28] The petitioner requested the whereabouts of Bose from 18 August 1945 to date, based on the information collected by the 1956 Shah Nawaz Committee and the 1970 Khosla Commission.[32][33] Bose's family also declined to accept the award.[34]

The Supreme Court formed a special two-judge division bench to adjudicate the case. The Solicitor General noted that to confer the award per the appropriate regulations pertaining to the Bharat Ratna, the name of the recipient must be published in The Gazette of India and entered in the recipients register maintained under the direction of the President.[2] It was noted that only an announcement had been made by press communique, but the government had not proceeded to confer the award by publishing the name in the Gazette and entering the name in the register with the president having not conferred a Sanad (certificate).[32] On 4 August 1997, the Supreme Court delivered an order that since the award had not been officially conferred, it cannot be revoked and declared that the press communique be treated as cancelled with the court declining to pass any judgement on the posthumous mention of Bose and his death.[32][35]

Awards as "titles" (1992)

[edit]

In 1992, two PILs were filed in the High Courts; one in the Kerala High Court on 13 February 1992 and another in the Madhya Pradesh High Court on 24 August 1992. Both petitions questioned the civilian awards being "Titles" per an interpretation of Article 18 (1) of the Constitution.[b] On 25 August 1992, the Madhya Pradesh High Court issued a notice temporarily suspending all civilian awards.[7] A special five-judge division bench of the Supreme Court was formed, which restored the awards and delivered a judgement that the "Bharat Ratna and Padma awards are not titles under Article 18 of the Constitution" on 15 December 1995.[10]

Rao and Tendulkar (2013)

[edit]
Dhyan Chand at the 1936 Summer Olympics. Widely regarded as the greatest hockey player of all time, Chand has not been conferred the Bharat Ratna

Following the announcement, in November 2013, that C. N. R. Rao and Sachin Tendulkar were to be awarded the Bharat Ratna, multiple litigations were filed challenging the awards. The litigation against Tendulkar to the Election Commission indicated that the awarding him was a violation of the model code of conduct as Tendulkar was an Indian National Congress nominated member of Rajya Sabha and the decision to award him would influence the voters of five states where elections were underway at the time.[30] On 4 December 2013, the Election Commission rejected the petition stating that conferring the award on people from non-polling states did not amount to a violation of the code.[36]

Another litigation was filed against then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, home minister Sushilkumar Shinde and sports minister Bhanwar Jitendra Singh for conferring of the award on Tendulkar, alleging an apparent "conspiracy to ignore" the famed Indian field hockey player Dhyan Chand.[31][37] The litigation filed against Rao declared that other Indian scientists, such as Homi Bhabha and Vikram Sarabhai, had contributed more than Rao, his claim of publishing 1400 research papers was "physically impossible" and Rao had proven cases of plagiarism, hence the announcement should be annulled.[29] The High Courts rejected all the petitions raised against Rao and Tendulkar.[38][39][40]

Criticism

[edit]

In 1977, the decision by then prime minister Indira Gandhi to posthumously honor former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu K. Kamaraj was criticized to have been aimed at placating the voters before the Tamil Nadu assembly elections in 1977.[34] In 1988, the decision by then prime minister Rajiv Gandhi (1984–89) to confer the award posthumously on former chief minister of Tamil Nadu, M. G. Ramachandran was criticized to have been aimed to influence voters prior to the Tamil Nadu assembly elections in 1989.[34][41] The decision was also criticized for awarding Ramachandran before prominent independence activists B. R. Ambedkar and Vallabhbhai Patel, who were bestowed the honor later in 1990 and 1991 respectively.[42] Later, then prime minister V.P. Singh was criticized for posthumously honoring B. R. Ambedkar, apparently in a bid to please the Dalit voters.[34][43][44] Later, Ravi Shankar was accused of lobbying for the award.[45]

The posthumous conferments of the award on the recipients who died before the Indian independence in 1947 or before the award was instituted in 1954, have been criticized by various authors and historians, stating that such conferments could lead to more demands to honor people like Maurya emperor Ashoka,[46][47] Mughal emperor Akbar, Maratha emperor Shivaji, poet Rabindranath Tagore,[48] Hindu spiritualist Swami Vivekananda,[49] independence activist Bal Gangadhar Tilak,[50] and father of the nation Mahatma Gandhi.[50] In 1991, then prime minister P. V. Narasimha Rao was criticized for bestowing the award upon Sardar Patel in 1991, 41 years after his death in 1950; and upon Subhas Chandra Bose in 1992, who purportedly died in 1945.[50][51] In 2015, the prime minister Narendra Modi's decision to award Madan Mohan Malaviya, who died in 1946, close to the local body elections in Uttar Pradesh was also met with criticism.[50]

A few of the conferments have been criticized for honoring personalities only after they received global recognition.[52] The award for Mother Teresa was announced in 1980, a year after she was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.[53] Satyajit Ray received an Academy Honorary Award in 1992 followed by the Bharat Ratna the same year.[54] In 1999, Amartya Sen was awarded the Bharat Ratna, a year after his 1998 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.[55][56]

The awarding of 5 Bharat Ratna awards in quick succession in 2024 have been also been criticised. Critics argue this was done keeping in mind the 2024 Lok Sabha Elections.[57] Awarding of Bharat Ratna to L. K. Advani was also criticised. Editorials of Indian newspapers have observed that the BJP strategically uses the Bharat Ratna to integrate figures like L K Advani, balancing narratives around mandir (temple) and Mandal (social justice). While some view these awards as politically astute, others criticize them for potentially normalizing Hindutva, especially given Advani's contentious legacy.[58]

[edit]

Though, as per the statutes for the Bharat Ratna, the recommendations for the award can only be made by the Prime Minister to the President, there have been several demands from various political parties publicly to honor their leaders.[16] In January 2008, Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) leader L. K. Advani wrote to then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh recommending Singh's predecessor Atal Bihari Vajpayee for the award.[59][60] This was immediately followed by the Communist Party of India (Marxist) lobbying for their leader, Jyoti Basu, former Chief Minister of West Bengal though Basu himself said that he would decline the honour, even if awarded.[61][62][63] Similar demands were made by Telugu Desam Party, Bahujan Samaj Party, and Shiromani Akali Dal for their respective leaders N. T. Rama Rao, Kanshi Ram, and Parkash Singh Badal.[64] In September 2015, regional political party Shiv Sena demanded the award for the independence activist Vinayak Damodar Savarkar stating that he had been "deliberately neglected by previous governments" but his family clarified that they are not making such demand and that the freedom fighter is known for his contribution towards independence movement and did not need an award for recognition.[65][66][67]

Per the original statutes, sports-persons were not eligible for the award; however, a revision of the rules in December 2011 made eligible "any field of human endeavour".[17] Subsequently, several sports-persons' names were discussed; amongst them were field-hockey player Dhyan Chand and former world chess champion Viswanathan Anand.[34][68][69] In 2011, 82 members of parliament recommended Chand's name for the award to the Prime Minister's Office. In January 2012, the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports forwarded his name again, this time along with 2008 Summer Olympics gold medallist shooter Abhinav Bindra and mountaineer Tenzing Norgay while Bindra had already been recommended for the award in May 2013 by the National Rifle Association of India.[70][71] In July 2013, the ministry again recommended Dhyan Chand.[70][72] However, in November 2013, cricketer Sachin Tendulkar became the first sports-person to receive the honour and this garnered much criticism for the government.[12][73][74][75]

In 2012, a litigation was filed in the Karnataka High Court requesting the court to issue a direction to the Ministry of Home Affairs to confer the Bharat Ratna upon Mahatma Gandhi. On 27 January 2014, a counsel appearing for the petitioner noted that after multiple representations from the petitioner, they were provided with the information under RTI that the recommendations to confer the award on Gandhi have been received multiple times in the past and were forwarded to the Prime Minister's Office. A Division bench consisting of the Chief Justice and another judge, dismissed the petition stating that the subject is not amenable to any adjudication process and the nominations and conferment process is stated to be informal and in the discretion of the highest authority in the Government.[76][77][78]

List of recipients

[edit]
Key
   + Naturalised citizen recipient
   * Non-citizen recipient
   # Posthumous recipient
List of recipients of Bharat Ratna[15]
Year Image Recipient State / Country[c] Life span Notes
1954 C. Rajagopalachari Tamil Nadu 1878–1972 Rajagopalachari was an independence activist, who served as the last Governor-General of India from 1948 to 50).[79] Earlier, he served as the first governor of West Bengal in 1947–48.[80] He was the home minister in the first Nehru cabinet succeeding Sardar Vallabhai Patel in 1950.[81] He served as the chief minister of Madras Presidency from 1937–39 and later as the chief minister of Tamil Nadu between 1952 and 1954.[82] He founded the Swatantra Party in 1959.[83]
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Tamil Nadu 1888-1975 Radhakrishnan served as the first Vice-President of India from 1952 to 1962 and as the second President of India from 1962 to 1967).[84][85] Since 1962, his birthday of 5 September is observed annually as Teachers' Day in India.[86]
C. V. Raman Tamil Nadu 1888-1970 Raman was a physicist known for his work in the field of light scattering.[87] He is known for the discovery of Raman scattering and Raman spectroscopy and was presented the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930.[88]
1955 Bhagwan Das Uttar Pradesh 1869-1958 Bhagwan Das was an independence activist, theosophist and educationist. He co-founded Kashi Vidyapith and worked with Madan Mohan Malaviya to establish the Banaras Hindu University.[89][90]
M. Visvesvaraya Karnataka 1861-1962 Visvesvaraya was a civil engineer and statesman. He served as the 19th Diwan of Mysore from 1912 to 1918.[91] His birthday, 15 September, is observed annually as Engineer's Day in India.[92]
Jawaharlal Nehru Uttar Pradesh 1889-1964 Nehru was an independence activist and politician, who was the first and the longest-serving Prime Minister of India from 1947 to 1964.[59][93]
1957 Govind Ballabh Pant Uttar Pradesh 1887-1961 Pant was an independence activist and politician, who served as the premier of United Provinces (1937–39, 1946–50) and as the first chief minister of Uttar Pradesh from 1950 to 1954.[94] He served as Union Home Minister from 1955 to 1961.[95]
1958 Dhondo Keshav Karve Maharashtra 1858-1962 Karve was a social reformer and educator, known for his work on education for women and remarriage of Hindu widows. He established the Widow Marriage Association (1883), Hindu Widows Home (1896), and started Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey Women's University in 1916.[96]
1961 Bidhan Chandra Roy West Bengal 1882-1962 Roy was a physician, politician and educationist. He served as the second Chief Minister of West Bengal from 1948 to 1962 and is known as the "Maker of Modern West Bengal".[97] His birthday on 1 July is observed annually as the National Doctors' Day in India.[62]
Purushottam Das Tandon Uttar Pradesh 1882-1962 Tandon was an independence activist and politician, who served as the speaker of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly from 1937 to 1950.[98] He was actively involved in a campaign to get official language status to Hindi.[99]
1962 Rajendra Prasad Bihar 1884-1963 Prasad was an independence activist, lawyer and statesman, who was associated with Mahatma Gandhi in the Champaran Satyagraha in Bihar and non-cooperation movement.[100][101] Became the president of Constituent Assembly of India. He was later elected as the first President of India (1950–62).[84]
1963 Zakir Husain Telangana 1897-1969 Husain was an independence activist and philosopher, who served as the Vice Chancellor of Aligarh Muslim University (1948–56) and the Governor of Bihar (1957–62).[102] Later, he was elected as second vice-president of India (1962–67) and went on to become the third President of India (1967–69).[84][85]
Pandurang Vaman Kane Maharashtra 1880-1972 Kane was an indologist and Sanskrit scholar, known for his five volume literary work, History of Dharmaśāstra: Ancient and Medieval Religious and Civil Law in India.[103][104]
1966 Lal Bahadur Shastri# Uttar Pradesh 1904-1966 Shastri was an independence activist, known for his slogan "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan" ("Hail to the Soldier, hail to the Farmer").[105] He served as second Prime Minister of India (1964–66) and led the country during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965.[59][106]
1971 Indira Gandhi Uttar Pradesh 1917-1984 Indira Gandhi was the Prime Minister of India during 1966–77 and 1980–84.[59] She is known as the "Iron Lady of India", as she led India during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 and the concurrent Bangladesh Liberation War which led to the formation of Bangladesh.[107][108]
1975 V. V. Giri Odisha 1894-1980 Giri was an independence activist, who organized trade unions and facilitated their participation in the fight for independence. Post-independence, Giri held positions of Governor of Uttar Pradesh, Kerala and Mysore state and other cabinet ministries.[109] He became the first acting president and was eventually elected as the fourth President of India, serving from 1969 to 1974.[84][110]
1976 K. Kamaraj# Tamil Nadu 1903-1975 Kamaraj was an independence activist, freedom fighter, and politician who served as the chief minister of Tamil Nadu for over nine years, between 1954 and 1963.[111] He was known as the "King Maker", as he was the president of the Indian National Congress, when electing Lal Bahadur Shastri the prime minister after Nehru's death and Indira Gandhi after Shastri's death, his followers idolized him as "Perunthalaivar" (Great Leader). He is the founder of the Indian political party Indian National Congress (Organisation).[112]
1980 Mother Teresa + West Bengal
(b.Skopje,
North Macedonia) 		1910-1997 Mother Teresa was a Catholic nun and founder of the Missionaries of Charity, a religious congregation, which manages homes for diseased people.[113] She was the recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize for her humanitarian work in 1979.[114] She was beatified on 19 October 2003 by Pope John Paul II and canonised on 4 September 2016 by Pope Francis.[115]
1983 Vinoba Bhave# Maharashtra 1895-1982 Bhave was an independence activist, social reformer and an associate of Mahatma Gandhi, known for his Bhoodan movement.[116][117] He was known by the honorific title "Acharya" ("teacher") and was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award (1958) for his humanitarian work.[118]
1987 Abdul Ghaffar Khan* Pakistan 1890-1988 Khan was a independence activist, a follower of Mahatma Gandhi and an advocate of Hindu–Muslim unity in the subcontinent.[119] He was known as "Frontier Gandhi" and was part of the Khilafat Movement in 1920 and founded the Khudai Khidmatgar ("Red Shirt movement") in 1929.[120][121][122]
1988 M. G. Ramachandran[d]# Tamil Nadu 1917-1987 M. G. Ramachandran (M.G.R.), the first actor to become the chief minister in the Republic of India, served as the chief minister of Tamil Nadu for over ten years, between 1977 and 1987.[111] Considered one of the greatest political leaders and actors of the state, his followers idolize him as "Puratchi Thalaivar" (Revolutionary Leader).[124] He is the founder of the Indian political party All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam.
1990 B. R. Ambedkar# Madhya Pradesh 1891-1956 Ambedkar was a social reformer, lawyer and a Dalit leader, who headed the committee drafting the Indian Constitution while also serving as the first Law Minister of India later.[125][126] Ambedkar campaigned against the social discrimination of Dalits and the caste system in India.[127][128] He was associated with the Dalit Buddhist movement after converting to Buddhism on 14 October 1956.[129][130]
Nelson Mandela* South Africa 1918-2013 Mandela was the leader of the Anti-Apartheid Movement in South Africa and later served as the President of South Africa (1994–99).[131][132] Often called as the "Gandhi of South Africa", Mandela's African National Congress movement was influenced by Gandhian philosophy.[133][134] In 1993, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.[135]
1991 Rajiv Gandhi# Uttar Pradesh 1944-1991 Rajiv Gandhi was a pilot turned politician, who served as the sixth Prime Minister of India serving from 1984 to 1989.[59]
Vallabhbhai Patel# Gujarat 1875-1950 Patel was an independence activist, who served as the first Deputy Prime Minister of India (1947–50) and home minister.[136][137] Patel was known as the "Iron Man of India" and by the title of "Sardar" ("Leader") Patel and was instrumental in the accession of the princely states into the Indian union.[138][139][140]
Morarji Desai Gujarat 1896-1995 Desai was an independence activist and politician, who served as the fourth Prime Minister of India from 1977 to 1979 and was the first to be not from the Indian National Congress.[59] He was also awarded the Nishan-e-Pakistan, the second highest civilian award given by the Government of Pakistan.[141] Desai had earlier abolished the awards while he was in the office of Prime Minister for it being "worthless and politicised".[142]
1992 Abul Kalam Azad[e]# West Bengal 1888-1958 Azad was an independence activist and politician, who served as the first education minister of India.[145] His birthday on 11 November is observed annually as the National Education Day in India.[146]
J. R. D. Tata Maharashtra 1904-1993 Tata was an industrialist, philanthropist, and aviation pioneer, who served as the chairman of the business conglomerate Tata Group. He is the founder of various educational and research institutes and businesses.[147][148]
Satyajit Ray West Bengal 1922-1992 Ray was a film director. He directed his first film Pather Panchali in 1955 and is credited with bringing world recognition to Indian cinema.[149][150][151] In 1984, Ray was awarded the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India's highest award in cinema and in 1991, he received Academy Honorary Award.[152][153]
1997 Gulzarilal Nanda Punjab 1898-1998 Nanda was an independence activist and politician, who served as the interim Prime Minister of India in 1964 and 1966 and as the deputy chairman of the Planning Commission.[59][154]
Aruna Asaf Ali# West Bengal 1909-1996 Ali was an independence activist, known for hoisting the tricolor flag of India in Bombay during the Quit India Movement in 1942. Post Independence, she was elected as Delhi's first mayor in 1958.[155]
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Tamil Nadu 1931-2015 Kalam was an aerospace and defence scientist, who later served as the eleventh President of India from 2002 until 2007.[84] He was involved in the development of India's first satellite launch vehicle SLV III and the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program, while working for various space and defence research agencies and has served as the scientific advisor to the defence minister, Secretary for defence research and director of Defence Research and Development Organisation.[156]
1998 M. S. Subbulakshmi Tamil Nadu 1916-2004 Subbulakshmi was a Carnatic classical vocalist, known for her songs, religious chantings and compositions.[157] She was the first Indian musician to receive the Ramon Magsaysay award for her public service.[158]
C. Subramaniam Tamil Nadu 1910-2000 Subramaniam was an independence activist and politician, who served as the minister of agriculture from 1964 to 1966 and later as minister of finance and defence. He is known for his contribution towards the Green Revolution in India.[159]
1999 Jayaprakash Narayan# Bihar 1902-1979 Narayan was an independence activist and social reformer. He was commonly referred as "Loknayak" ("People's Leader") and is known for the Total Revolution Movement initiated during the mid-1970s against the then government of India.[160]
Amartya Sen West Bengal 1933- Sen is an economist and the winner of the Nobel memorial prize in economic sciences in 1998.[161][162]
Gopinath Bordoloi#(Gopinath Bardoloi) Assam 1890-1950 Bordoloi was an independence activist and politician, who served as the first chief minister of Assam (1946–50).[163] His was instrumental in uniting Assam with India when parts of it wanted to accede to Pakistan.[164]
Ravi Shankar Uttar Pradesh 1920-2012 Ravi Shankar was a musician and sitar player. He has won four Grammy Awards and is often considered "the world's best-known exponent of Hindustani classical music".[165][166]
2001 Lata Mangeshkar Maharashtra 1929-2022 Mangeshkar was a playback singer, known as the "nightingale of India".[167] She started her career in the 1940s and has sung songs in over 36 languages.[168] In 1989, Mangeshkar was awarded the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India's highest award in cinema.[152]
Bismillah Khan Bihar 1916-2006 Khan was a Hindustani classical shehnai player, who played the instrument for more than eight decades and is credited to have brought the instrument to the centre stage of Indian music.[169]
2009 Bhimsen Joshi Karnataka 1922-2011 Joshi was a Hindustani classical vocalist, who was a disciple of Kirana gharana and is widely known for the Khyal genre of singing.[170][171]
2014 C. N. R. Rao Karnataka 1934- Rao is a chemist and a scientist specializing in solid state chemistry. He has honorary doctorates from 86 universities and has authored around 1,800 research publications and 56 books.[172][173][174]
Sachin Tendulkar Maharashtra 1973- Tendulkar is a cricketer, who is regarded as one of the greatest batters of all-time.[175][176] Having debuted in 1989, Tendulkar played 664 international cricket matches, scoring more than 34,000 in a career spanning over two decades and holds various cricket records.[177][178]
2015 Atal Bihari Vajpayee Madhya Pradesh 1924-2018 Vajpayee was a politician, who served as the Prime Minister of India three times in 1996, 1998 and from 1999 to 2004.[59] He was a parliamentarian for over four decades and was elected nine times to the Lok Sabha, twice to the Rajya Sabha, also serving as the minister of external affairs during 1977–79.[179][180]
Madan Mohan Malaviya# Uttar Pradesh 1861-1946 Malaviya was a scholar and educational reformer, who founded the Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha (1906) and Banaras Hindu University, while serving as the university's vice-chancellor from 1919 until 1938.[181] He was the President of Indian National Congress for four terms and was the chairman of Hindustan Times from 1924 to 1946.[182][183]
2019 Pranab Mukherjee West Bengal 1935-2020 Mukherjee was a politician who served as the 13th President of India from 2012 until 2017.[84] In a career spanning five decades, Mukherjee had been a leader of the Indian National Congress and had occupied several ministerial portfolios in the Government of India. Prior to his election as President, he was finance minister from 2009 to 2012.[184]
Bhupen Hazarika# Assam 1926-2011 Hazarika was a playback singer, lyricist, musician, poet and film-maker, widely known as Sudhakantha.[185] His songs, written and sung mainly in the Assamese language by himself, are themed around universal justice and peace and have been translated and sung in many languages.[186]
Nanaji Deshmukh# Maharashtra 1916-2010 Deshmukh was a social activist and politician, who worked in the fields of education, health, and rural self-reliance. He was a leader of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh and also served as a member of the Rajya Sabha.[187][188]
2024 Karpoori Thakur# Bihar 1924-1988 Thakur was a politician, who served two terms as the 11th Chief Minister of Bihar, from 1970 to 1971, and from 1977 to 1979. In 1978, he introduced the reservation policy in state government jobs.[189][190]
L. K. Advani Delhi 1927- Advani is a politician who served as the 7th Deputy Prime Minister of India from 2002 to 2004.[191] He is one of the co-founders of Bharatiya Janata Party and is credited with scripting the rise of the BJP as a major political force through the Ram Janmabhoomi Movement.[192] He is popularly known as "Loh Purush" (Iron Man).[193]
P. V. Narasimha Rao# Telangana 1921-2004 Narasimha Rao, was an Indian lawyer and politician who served as the 9th prime minister from 1991 to 1996.[59] He was the first Prime Minister from South India.[194] He is known for introducing various liberal reforms to India's economy.[195]
Charan Singh# Uttar Pradesh 1902-1987 Charan Singh was an Indian politician and a independence activist who served as the 5th prime minister from 1979 to 1980.[59][196] He is known as the "Champion of India's peasants".[197] He is credited for bringing radical land reform measures and bringing uniformity in the farm sector. These reforms were implemented through the Debt Redemption Bill, the Land Holding Act, and the Zamindari Abolition Act.[198] He was the founder of the political party Lokdal in 1980.[199]
M. S. Swaminathan# Tamil Nadu 1925-2023 Swaminathan was an Indian agronomist, geneticist and administrator, who was as a global leader of the green revolution.[200] He was one of the major architects of green revolution in India known for his leadership and role in introducing and further developing high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice.[201][202]

See also

[edit]

Explanatory notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The Bharat Ratna ceremony is usually held at Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi but a special ceremony was held at Brabourne Stadium, Mumbai to honour Karve on his 100th birthday, 18 April 1958.[14]
  2. ^ a b Per Article 18 (1) of the Constitution of India: Abolition of titles, "no title, not being a military or academic distinction, shall be conferred by the State".[19]
  3. ^ For people born in India, it represents the current Indian state/UT corresponding to the birthplace. For naturalized citizens, it represents the state of domicile. For foreign recipients, it lists the country of citizenship.
  4. ^ In 1960, Ramachandran was awarded the Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian award, but declined as the invitation was written in the Devanagari script and not Tamil.[123]
  5. ^ Earlier, Abul Kalam Azad had refused the Bharat Ratna while he was the Education Minister of India (1947–58) citing that the selection committee members should not themselves be the recipients.[45][143][144]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Atal Behari Vajpayee: India honours former PM with Bharat Ratna". BBC. 24 December 2014. Archived from the original on 14 October 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Lal, Shavax A. (1954). "The Gazette of India—Extraordinary—Part 1" (PDF). The Gazette of India. The President's Secretariat (published 2 January 1954): 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 May 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014. The President is pleased to institute an award to be designated Bharat Ratna and to make the following Regulations
  3. ^ a b c d e f "Bharat Ratna and Padma Awards" (PDF). Government of India. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  4. ^ a b c d Ayyar, N. M. (1955). "The Gazette of India—Extraordinary—Part I" (PDF). The Gazette of India. The President's Secretariat (published 15 January 1955): 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2014. The President is pleased to make the following revised regulations for the award of the decoration Bharat Ratna in supersession of those published in Notification No. 1-Pres./54, dated the 2nd January, 1954
  5. ^ a b c Hoiberg & Ramchandani 2000, p. 96.
  6. ^ Bhattacherje 2009, p. A248.
  7. ^ a b c d Edgar 2011, p. C-105.
  8. ^ Madappa, K. C. (1980). "The Gazette of India—Extraordinary—Part I" (PDF). The Gazette of India. The President's Secretariat (published 25 January 1980): 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 June 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2016. The President is pleased to cancel the President's Secretariat Notification No. 65-Pres/77 dated the 8th August, 1977 by which the Civilian Awards "Bharat Ratna', 'Padma Vibhushan', 'Padma Bhushan' and 'Padma Shri' were cancelled and to direct that the said Awards shall be re-instituted with immediate effect.
  9. ^ Bhattacherje 2009, p. A253.
  10. ^ a b "Balaji Raghavan S. P. Anand Vs. Union of India: Transfer Case (civil) 9 of 1994". Supreme Court of India. 4 August 1997. Archived from the original on 19 May 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
  11. ^ Guha 2001, p. 176.
  12. ^ a b "Tendulkar receives Bharat Ratna". ESPNcricinfo. 4 February 2014. Archived from the original on 26 June 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
  13. ^ "Profile: Dhondo Keshav Karve". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 1 December 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
  14. ^ Daniel 1958, p. 223.
  15. ^ a b List of recipients of Bharat Ratna (1954–2019) (PDF) (Report). Ministry of Home Affairs (India). Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 June 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
  16. ^ a b c "Bharat Ratna Scheme" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs (India). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
  17. ^ a b "Govt changes criteria for Bharat Ratna; now open for all". The Hindu. New Delhi. Press Trust of India. 16 December 2011. Archived from the original on 28 December 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
  18. ^ Gundevia, Y. D. (1966). "The Gazette of India—Extraordinary—Part I" (PDF). The Gazette of India. The President's Secretariat (published 11 January 1966): 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 May 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014. The President is pleased to award the Bharat Ratna posthumously to:—Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri
  19. ^ "The Constitution of India" (PDF). Ministry of Law and Justice (India). p. 36. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 September 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
  20. ^ "Balaji Raghavan/S.P.Anand vs Union Of India on 15 December, 1995". Indiankanoon.org. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
  21. ^ Indian order of precedence (PDF) (Report). Rajya Sabha Secretariat. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
  22. ^ Ranjan, Amitav (4 February 2014). "Sachin's Bharat Ratna today a medal from 2000". The Indian Express. New Delhi. Archived from the original on 28 April 2014. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
  23. ^ "Crafting Bharat Ratna, Padma Medals at Kolkata Mint" (Press release). Press Information Bureau (PIB), India. 21 January 2014. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
  24. ^ Sainty 2011.
  25. ^ "Crafting Bharat Ratna, Padma Medals at Kolkata Mint". Press Information Bureau. 26 January 2014. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
  26. ^ "History of the Alipore Mint". India Government Mint, Kolkata. Archived from the original on 29 June 2008. Retrieved 15 September 2008.
  27. ^ "Other concessions". Air India. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  28. ^ a b Basu 2010, p. 132.
  29. ^ a b Haque, Amir (5 December 2013). "PIL against Bharat Ratna to CNR Rao dismissed, petitioners warned". Headlines Today. New Delhi: India Today. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
  30. ^ a b Sengupta, Subhajit (19 November 2013). "RTI activist moves EC against Sachin Tendulkar getting Bharat Ratna". IBN Live. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
  31. ^ a b "Case filed against Bharat Ratna award to Tendulkar". Rediff.com. 19 November 2013. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
  32. ^ a b c "Union of India Vs. Bijan Ghosh and ORS: Special Leave Petition (civil) 628 of 1994". Supreme Court of India. 4 August 1997. Archived from the original on 14 May 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
  33. ^ Basu 2010, p. 102.
  34. ^ a b c d e Roychowdhury, Adrija (12 February 2009). "Before Bhupen Hazarika, five other controversies surrounding the Bharat Ratna". Indian Express. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  35. ^ "SC cancels note on Bharat Ratna for Subhash Bose". The Indian Express. New Delhi. 5 August 1997. Archived from the original on 18 December 2013. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
  36. ^ "Govt didn't violate model code in naming Sachin for Bharat Ratna: EC". Hindustan Times. New Delhi. 4 December 2013. Archived from the original on 22 December 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
  37. ^ "Bharat Ratna controversy: Cases filed against Manmohan, Sushil Kumar Shinde, Sachin Tendulkar". The Economic Times. Muzaffarpur. 19 November 2013. Archived from the original on 23 July 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
  38. ^ "Court reserves order on Sachin Tendulkar's Bharat Ratna". Daily News and Analysis. Lucknow. Indo-Asian News Service. 25 November 2013. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
  39. ^ "Madras HC dismisses PIL against Sachin Tendulkar getting Bharat Ratna". IBN Live. Chennai. 3 December 2013. Archived from the original on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
  40. ^ "HC dismisses PIL challenging Bharat Ratna to Sachin, Rao". The Hindu. Chennai. 4 November 2013. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
  41. ^ Hattangadi, Shekhar (11 February 2011). "It's time to junk the sullied Padma awards". Daily News and Analysis. Mumbai. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
  42. ^ Patranobis, Sutirtho (13 January 2008). "'Politicking' over the Bharat Ratna award". Hindustan Times. New Delhi. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
  43. ^ Chatterjee, Saibal; Prakash, Amit (1996). "An Honourable Judgement: A Supreme Court ruling aims to restore the sanctity of the nation's highest awards". Outlook (published 10 January 1996). Archived from the original on 15 May 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
  44. ^ Guha 2001, p. 169.
  45. ^ a b Ramachandran, Sudha (24 January 2008). "India's top award misses congeniality". Asia Times Online. Bangalore. Archived from the original on 16 October 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
  46. ^ "Bharat Ratna shouldn't be given to dead people: Historian Guha". The Times of India. 25 December 2014.
  47. ^ Sharma, Sandipan (25 December 2014). "Bharat Ratna for Vajpayee, Malaviya: Govt needs to stop politicising the reward". Firstpost. Archived from the original on 26 January 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
  48. ^ Sopariwala, Dorab R. (28 January 2015). "A Bharat Ratna for Mahatma Gandhi?". NDTV. Archived from the original on 29 October 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
  49. ^ Ramaswami, T. R. (7 January 2012). "Let us not degrade country's highest civilian honour Bharat Ratna". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
  50. ^ a b c d Diwanji, Amberish K. (24 December 2014). "Mr Modi, why not a Bharat Ratna for the Mahatma?". Rediff. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
  51. ^ ""Netaji stature bigger than Bharat Ratna": Kin say best way to honour him is to declassify govt files on his disappearance". The Indian Express. Kolkata. 11 August 2014. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
  52. ^ "Bharat Ratna cry for Bose". The Telegraph. New Delhi. 6 September 2012. Archived from the original on 19 May 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
  53. ^ Guha 2001, p. 170.
  54. ^ "Acceptance Speeches: Satyajit Ray". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on 9 June 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
  55. ^ "Bharat Ratna for Amartya Sen". Frontline. Vol. 16, no. 3. 1999. Archived from the original on 19 May 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
  56. ^ Tripathi, Salil (23 August 2013). "Freedom of Expression: Indians are Becoming Increasingly Intolerant". Forbes India. Archived from the original on 19 May 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
  57. ^ Jr, Parsa Venkateshwar Rao (14 February 2024). "Parsa Venkateshwar Rao Jr | Limits to BJP's domination? Bharat Ratna and Polls 2024". Deccan Chronicle.
  58. ^ "'Irony of this honour', 'calculated strategy': Editorials on Bharat Ratna for Advani". Newslaundry. 6 February 2024.
  59. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Prime Ministers of India". Prime Minister's Office, Government of India. Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
  60. ^ Chatterjee, Manini (10 January 2008). "Uneasy lies crown that awaits Ratna—Advani proposes Vajpayee's name, method and timing fuel murmurs". The Telegraph. Kolkata. Archived from the original on 21 May 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
  61. ^ "Jyoti Basu can be given Bharat Ratna: CPI (M)". Daily News and Analysis. Kolkata. Press Trust of India. 11 January 2008. Archived from the original on 21 May 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
  62. ^ a b "Premiers/Chief Ministers of West Bengal". West Bengal Legislative Assembly. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
  63. ^ "Jyoti Basu "not in the race"". The Hindu. Kolkata. Press Trust of India. 13 January 2008. Archived from the original on 31 March 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
  64. ^ "Bharat Ratna losing its sanctity?". The Statesman. 24 November 2013. Archived from the original on 20 May 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
  65. ^ "Shiv Sena starts drive to collect 10 lakh signatures to get Bharat Ratna for Vinayak Damodar Savarkar". The Economic Times. 15 September 2015. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
  66. ^ "Shiv Sena demands Bharat Ratna for Veer Savarkar". Mid-Day. New Delhi. Press Trust of India. 14 September 2015. Archived from the original on 26 September 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
  67. ^ "Savarkar doesn't need an award for recognition, says grand-nephew". The Indian Express. Mumbai. Archived from the original on 19 October 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
  68. ^ Mazoomdaar, Jay (17 November 2013). "Just not cricket: Why did Sachin get Bharat Ratna before Dhyan Chand?". Firstpost. Archived from the original on 21 June 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
  69. ^ Ray, Suman (8 January 2014). "Fans hold rally demanding Bharat Ratna for Dhyan Chand". India Today. New Delhi. Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
  70. ^ a b "Dhyan Chand, not Sachin Tendulkar, is Sports Ministry's choice for Bharat Ratna". New Delhi: NDTV Sports. Press Trust of India. 19 July 2013. Archived from the original on 22 July 2013. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
  71. ^ "National Rifle Association of India recommends Abhinav Bindra for Bharat Ratna". NDTV Sports. New Delhi. Press Trust of India. 13 May 2013. Archived from the original on 20 October 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
  72. ^ Shukla, Neha (13 February 2014). "Sports ministry recommended Dhyan Chand for Bharat Ratna". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 20 October 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
  73. ^ Ferro, Ashwin (5 February 2014). "I have no hope of Bharat Ratna for Dhyan Chand now: Ashok Kumar". Mid Day. Mumbai. Archived from the original on 12 September 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  74. ^ "Dhyan Chand deserved Bharat Ratna more than Sachin". Rediff.com. 19 November 2013. Archived from the original on 20 May 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
  75. ^ Nagpal, Deepak (18 November 2013). "Bharat Ratna: If Sachin Tendulkar deserves it then why not Dhyan Chand?". Zee News. Archived from the original on 22 August 2015. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
  76. ^ "Bharat Ratna for Mahatma Gandhi?". The Hindu. Bangalore. 28 January 2014. Archived from the original on 16 May 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
  77. ^ "Union of India Vs. Manjunath" (PDF). High Court of Karnataka. 27 January 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 November 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
  78. ^ "High Court of Karnataka: WP 3149/2014". High Court of Karnataka. 27 January 2014. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
  79. ^ Raman, Mohan V. (25 November 2013). "All's in a letter". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
  80. ^ "Profile: Chakravarti Rajagopalachari". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  81. ^ Ghose, Sankar (1993). Jawaharlal Nehru, a Biography: A Biography. Allied Publishers. p. 331. ISBN 978-81-702-3369-5.
  82. ^ "Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu since 1920". Government of Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original on 23 April 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  83. ^ Erdman, Howard Loyd (2008) [1967]. The Swatantra Party and Indian Conservatism. Harvard University. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-521-04980-1.
  84. ^ a b c d e f "Former Presidents of India". Government of India. Archived from the original on 16 October 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
  85. ^ a b "Former Vice Presidents of India". Government of India. Archived from the original on 17 October 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
  86. ^ "Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan: The Philosopher President" (Press release). Press Information Bureau (PIB), Government of India. Archived from the original on 28 August 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  87. ^ "Sir Venkata Raman Facts". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 17 September 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  88. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1930". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
  89. ^ "About Us—Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith Varanasi". Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith. Archived from the original on 26 June 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
  90. ^ Masih, Niha (1 January 2015). "Varanasi: The City of Bharat Ratnas". NDTV. Archived from the original on 3 October 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  91. ^ "Diwans take over". The Hindu. 15 August 2002. Archived from the original on 22 June 2003.
  92. ^ "Engineer's Day in India: celebrating M. Visvesvaraya's birthday". IBN Live. New Delhi. 15 September 2012. Archived from the original on 16 September 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  93. ^ Guha, Ramachandra (11 January 2014). "Leave it to history: India's best and worst prime ministerse". The Telegraph. Calcutta. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  94. ^ "Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh". Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly. Archived from the original on 21 July 2014. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
  95. ^ "Nation pays homage to Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant on his 127th birth anniversary". Business Standard. New Delhi. 10 September 2014. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  96. ^ "Remembering Maharshi Karve, the man who set up India's first university for women". India Today. 18 April 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  97. ^ Kalra, R.N. (3 July 2011). "A doctor par excellence". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 12 September 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  98. ^ "Profile: Purushottam Das Tandon". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  99. ^ Saraf, Nandini (2012). The Life and Times of Lokmanya Tilak. Prabhat Prakashan. p. 279. ISBN 978-81-8430-152-6.
  100. ^ Weber 2004, p. 138.
  101. ^ "Profile: Rajendra Prasad". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 9 September 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  102. ^ Taneja 2000, p. 167.
  103. ^ "From the Bookshelves of IGNCA: Texts on Dharmashastra wellspring of Indian code for life". Indira Gandhi National Centre of the Arts. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  104. ^ "Mumbai University Alumni". University of Mumbai. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  105. ^ "Gallery of Prime Ministers of India" (Press release). Press Information Bureau (PIB). Archived from the original on 4 August 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  106. ^ "Profile: Lal Bahadur Shastri". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  107. ^ Thelikorala, Sulakshi (18 November 2011). "Indira Gandhi: Iron Lady of India". Asian Tribune. World Institute For Asian Studies. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  108. ^ "Profile: Indira Gandhi". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  109. ^ Mansingh, Surjit (2006). Historical Dictionary of India. Scarecrow Press. p. 240. ISBN 978-0-8108-6502-0. Archived from the original on 28 February 2018.
  110. ^ Dubey, Scharada (2009). First among equals President of India. Westland. pp. 37–44. ISBN 978-81-89975-53-1. Archived from the original on 7 July 2014.
  111. ^ a b "Details of terms of successive legislative assemblies constituted under the constitution of India". Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
  112. ^ "Profile: Kumaraswami Kamaraj". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  113. ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1979". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 16 October 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
  114. ^ "Mother Teresa—Biographical". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
  115. ^ "Profile: Blessed Mother Teresa". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2015.[non-tertiary source needed]
  116. ^ "The King of Kindness: Vinoba Bhave and His Nonviolent Revolution". Markshep. Archived from the original on 14 January 2010. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
  117. ^ "Profile: Vinoba Bhave". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  118. ^ "Ramon Magsaysay Award winners". Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
  119. ^ Talbot, Phillips (2007). An American Witness to India's Partition. Sage Publications. ISBN 978-0-7619-3618-3.
  120. ^ "Profile: Abdul Ghaffar Khan". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 18 September 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  121. ^ Service, Tribune News. "Uttarakhand journalist gave Frontier Gandhi title to Abdul Gaffar Khan, claims book". Tribuneindia News Service. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  122. ^ Burrell, David B. (7 January 2014). Towards a Jewish-Christian-Muslim Theology. John Wiley & Sons. p. 137. ISBN 978-1-118-72411-8.
  123. ^ "The chequered history of our national honours". Rediff.com. 1 February 2010. Archived from the original on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
  124. ^ "Chennai Central renamed after Puratchi Thalaivar Dr M G Ramachandran". The Times of India. 26 June 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  125. ^ "Some Facts of Constituent Assembly". Parliament of India. National Informatics Centre. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
  126. ^ "Profile: Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  127. ^ Jain, Anurodh Lalit (14 April 2013). "Let's help realise the vision of Ambedkar for Dalits". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 14 December 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
  128. ^ "Untouchability, The Dead Cow And The Brahmin". Outlook. 22 October 2002. Archived from the original on 9 November 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
  129. ^ Vajpeyi, Ananya (27 August 2015). "Owning Ambedkar sans his views". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
  130. ^ Srivastava, Kanchan (8 October 2015). "Gautam Buddha's ashes to travel from Sri Lanka to Maharashtra next week". Daily News Analysis. Archived from the original on 20 October 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
  131. ^ "Nelson Mandela—Biographical". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 17 October 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
  132. ^ "Profile: Nelson Mandela". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  133. ^ "Nelson Mandela, the 'Gandhi of South Africa', had strong Indian connections". Deccan Chronicle. Johannesburg. Press Trust of India. 7 December 2013. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
  134. ^ Mandela, Nelson (6 June 1993). "Nelson Mandela's speech at unveiling of Gandhi Memorial". Pietermaritzburg: African National Congress. Archived from the original on 8 September 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
  135. ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1993". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 16 October 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
  136. ^ "PM Modi pays tributes to Sardar Patel on his death anniversary". New Delhi: IBN Live. 15 December 2014. Archived from the original on 26 December 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  137. ^ "Profile: Vallabhbhai Jhaverbhai Patel". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2 November 2015. Retrieved 11 October 2015.
  138. ^ "Patel's communalism—a documented record". Frontline. 13 December 2013. Archived from the original on 5 November 2021. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
  139. ^ "Sardar Patel: Builder of a Steel Strong India". Press Information Bureau. Archived from the original on 5 November 2015. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
  140. ^ "Who betrayed Sardar Patel?". The Hindu. 19 November 2013. Archived from the original on 8 August 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
  141. ^ Bhatia, Shyam (11 July 2001). "When India and Pakistan almost made peace". Rediff.com. Archived from the original on 10 July 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  142. ^ Mukul, Akshaya (20 January 2008). "The great Bharat Ratna race". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
  143. ^ "Those who said no to top awards". The Times of India. 20 January 2008. Archived from the original on 24 November 2013. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
  144. ^ "List of former Ministers in charge of Education/HRD". Ministry of Human Resource Development. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
  145. ^ Sharma, Arun Kumar (7 November 2010). "Visionary educationist". The Tribune. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2015.
  146. ^ "National Education Day celebrated". The Hindu. Krishnagiri. 14 November 2011. Archived from the original on 25 March 2014. Retrieved 11 October 2015.
  147. ^ Shah, Shashank; Ramamoorthy, V.E. (2013). Soulful Corporations: A Values-Based Perspective on Corporate Social Responsibility. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 149. ISBN 978-81-322-1275-1. Archived from the original on 28 February 2018.
  148. ^ "Profile: J.R.D. Tata". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  149. ^ Gulzar, Nihalani & Chatterjee 2003, p. 612.
  150. ^ "Sight and Sound Poll 1992: Critics". California Institute of Technology. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2013.
  151. ^ Kevin Lee (5 September 2002). "A Slanted Canon". Asian American Film Commentary. Archived from the original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2013.
  152. ^ a b "Dadasaheb Phalke Awards". Directorate of Film Festivals. Archived from the original on 26 May 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
  153. ^ "Satyajit Ray: The Lesser-known Facts About the First Indian to Win Honorary Oscar". News18. 23 May 2019. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
  154. ^ "Former PM Gulzarilal Nanda dead". Rediff.com. 15 January 1998. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
  155. ^ Singh, Kuldeep (31 July 1996). "Obituary: Aruna Asaf Ali". The Independent. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
  156. ^ "Bio-data: Avul Pakir Jainulabden Abdul Kalam" (Press release). Press Information Bureau (PIB). 26 July 2002. Archived from the original on 13 May 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
  157. ^ "M. S. Subbulakshmi commemorated with a doodle". Rediff.com. 16 September 2013. Archived from the original on 23 December 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  158. ^ "M S Subbulakshmi: 'Nightingale' of Carnatic music". Rediff.com. 12 December 2004. Archived from the original on 8 July 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
  159. ^ "C Subramaniam awarded Bharat Ratna". Rediff.com. 18 February 1998. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
  160. ^ Merchant, Minhaz; Bobb, Dilip; Louis, Arul B.; Sethi, Sunil; Chawla, Prabhu; Ahmed, Farzand (6 March 2014). "Jayapraksh Narayan: A leader betrayed". India Today. Archived from the original on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
  161. ^ "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1998". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
  162. ^ "Biographical note: Amartya Sen: Thomas W. Lamont University Professor, and Professor of Economics and Philosophy". Harvard University. Archived from the original on 9 September 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
  163. ^ "Assam Legislative Assembly—Chief Ministers since 1937". Assam Legislative Assembly. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
  164. ^ Phukan, Sandeep (8 February 2014). "In Assam, Narendra Modi describes how Congress 'betrayed' it". Guwahati: NDTV. Archived from the original on 27 September 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
  165. ^ "Profile: Ravi Shankar". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
  166. ^ Lavezzoli, Peter (2006). The Dawn of Indian Music in the West. A&C Black. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-8264-1815-9.
  167. ^ "India's Nightingale Lata Mangeshkar turns 82 today". Firstpost. 28 September 2011. Archived from the original on 30 January 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
  168. ^ Gulzar, Nihalani & Chatterjee 2003, pp. 486, 487.
  169. ^ "Indian music's soulful maestro". BBC News. 21 August 2006. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  170. ^ Jamkhandi, Gururaj (26 January 2011). "Torch-bearers of kirana gharana, and their followers". The Times of India. Hubli. Archived from the original on 3 February 2011. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
  171. ^ "Haunting melodic grace of Pandit Bhimsen Joshiji". Deccan Herald. 24 January 2011.
  172. ^ "CNR Rao, profile". Indian Research Information Network System. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  173. ^ Sathyamurthy, N.; Rao, C. N. R. (2019). "Face to Face with Professor C N R Rao". Resonance. 24 (7): 775–791. doi:10.1007/s12045-019-0840-2. S2CID 201041154.
  174. ^ Pulakkat, Hari (18 November 2013). "Bharat Ratna nominee CNR Rao won all possible awards but the Nobel prize". The Economic Times. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
  175. ^ "Sachin Tendulkar is greatest cricketer in history – Brian Lara". BBC Sport. 12 November 2013. Archived from the original on 16 November 2013. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
  176. ^ "Sachin Tendulkar greatest batsman to have played cricket: Dennis Lillee". The Times of India. 26 June 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
  177. ^ "Profile: Sachin Tendulkar". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
  178. ^ "Records/Combined Test, ODI and T20I records/Batting records; Most runs in career". ESPNcricinfo. 13 September 2015. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
  179. ^ "Profile of Shri Atal Behari Bajpayee" (Press release). Press Information Bureau (PIB). Archived from the original on 10 August 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
  180. ^ "Profile: Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee: March 19, 1998 – May 22, 2004 [Bhartiya Janta Party]". Prime Minister's Office. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
  181. ^ "History of BHU: The Capital of all Knowledge". Banaras Hindu University. 23 August 2011. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
  182. ^ "Profile: Madan Mohan Malaviya". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
  183. ^ "Speech of Prime Minister at the Commemoration of 150th Birth Anniversary of Mahamana Madan Mohan Malaviya inaugural function". Press Information Bureau. 27 December 2011. Archived from the original on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
  184. ^ "Bharat Ratna for Pranab Mukherjee fitting recognition for his service to nation: PM Modi". The Hindu. PTI. 9 August 2019. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
  185. ^ "Who is Bharat Ratna Bhupen Hazarika? Key things to know about him". India Today.
  186. ^ "Bhupen Hazarika: The Bard of Brahmaputra". Hindustan Times. 17 September 2019.
  187. ^ "Bharat Ratna for Pranab Mukherjee, Nanaji Deshmukh and Bhupen Hazarika". Times Now. 25 January 2019. Archived from the original on 31 August 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
  188. ^ "Who was Nanaji Deshmukh?". The Indian Express. Retrieved 11 October 2017.
  189. ^ "Two-time Bihar CM Karpoori Thakur to be conferred Bharat Ratna posthumously". The Indian Express. 23 January 2024. Archived from the original on 23 January 2024. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
  190. ^ "Socialist icon Karpoori Thakur awarded Bharat Ratna, a day before centenary". The Hindu. 23 January 2024. Archived from the original on 23 January 2024. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
  191. ^ "Advani appointed deputy prime minister". The Times of India. 29 June 2002. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
  192. ^ "LK Advani: The man who scripted the rise of India's BJP". BBC. 30 September 2020.
  193. ^ "LK Advani: Iron Man who found a gentler side". NDTV. 18 December 2009.
  194. ^ "Bharat Ratna for former PMs PV Narasimha Rao, Chaudhary Charan Singh and scientist MS Swaminathan: PM Modi". Hindustan Times. 9 February 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
  195. ^ Dean, Adam (2022). India's Middle Path: Preventive Arrests and General Strikes. Political Economy of Institutions and Decisions. Cambridge University Press. pp. 86–112. doi:10.1017/9781108777964.006. ISBN 978-1-108-47851-9. Archived from the original on 9 February 2024. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
  196. ^ "Bharat Ratna for P.V. Narasimha Rao, M.S. Swaminathan, Charan Singh". The Hindu. 9 February 2024. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
  197. ^ Byres, Terence J. (1 January 1988). "Charan Singh, 1902–87: An assessment". The Journal of Peasant Studies. 15 (2): 139–189. doi:10.1080/03066158808438356.
  198. ^ "Why BJP has given Bharat Ratna to Chaudhary Charan Singh". India Today. 9 February 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
  199. ^ Brass, Paul R. (1993). "Chaudhuri Charan Singh: An Indian Political Life". Economic and Political Weekly. 28 (39): 2087–2090. JSTOR 4400204.
  200. ^ Cabral, Lídia; Pandey, Poonam; Xu, Xiuli (3 July 2021). "Epic narratives of the Green Revolution in Brazil, China, and India" (PDF). Agriculture and Human Values. 39: 249–267. doi:10.1007/s10460-021-10241-x. S2CID 237804269.
  201. ^ Spaeth, Anthony (23–30 August 1999). "Asians of the Century: A Tale of Titans. M.S. Swaminathan". Time 100. Vol. 154, no. 7/8. Archived from the original on 25 January 2001.
  202. ^ "PM's Big Announcement: Bharat Ratna For Two Former PMs Charan Singh, PV Narasimha Rao". News18. 9 February 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2024.

Bibliography

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bharat_Ratna&oldid=1266211276"